TERRORISM
Terrorism refers only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians.
Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter.
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM
1. Deliberate Planning
2. Create Fear & Terror
3. Hit the Target
4. Infuse Uncertainty & Anxiety
5. Achievement of Interest & Objective
6. No Limited Boundaries
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia. Despite having a history longer than the modern nation-state, the use of terror by governments and those that contest their power remains poorly understood. While the meaning of the word terror itself is clear, when it is applied to acts and actors in the real world it becomes confused. Part of this is due to the use of terror tactics by actors at all levels in the social and political environment.
GOALS AND MOTIVATIONS OF TERRORISM
Ideology and motivation will influence the objectives of terrorist operations, especially regarding the casualty rate. Groups with secular ideologies and non-religious goals will often attempt highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve a specific political aim. This often requires them to keep casualties at the minimum amount necessary to attain the objective. This is both to avoid a backlash that might severely damage the organization, and also maintain the appearance of a rational group that has legitimate grievances. By limiting their attacks they reduce the risk of undermining external political and economic support. Groups that comprise a "wing" of an insurgency, or are affiliated with aboveground, sometimes legitimate, political organizations often operate under these constraints. The tensions caused by balancing these considerations are often a prime factor in the development of splinter groups and internal factions within these organizations. In contrast, religiously oriented and millenarian groups typically attempt to inflict as many casualties as possible. Because of the apocalyptic frame of reference they use, loss of life is irrelevant, and more casualties are better. Losses among their co-religionists are of little account, because such casualties will reap the benefits of the afterlife. The intents of terrorism are,
• Produce widespread fear
• Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the media
• Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and appears repressive
• Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of their group
• Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide for and protect its citizens
• Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the target country’s economy and support of the government in power
• Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions
• Free prisoners
• Satisfy vengeance
• Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local populace in rural areas
TYPES OF TERRORISM
Researchers have classified terrorism into six categories.
• Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
• Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
• Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
• Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
• Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
• Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
FACTORS OF TERRORISM
Terrorism is the threat or use of violence against civilians to draw attention to an issue. Why do some people commit terrorist acts? Personal psychology? Religious fervor? Ideological commitment? Among the multitude of causes that may lead a person to resort to terrorism, there is none that conclusively links a sole cause to the act. Ethnicity, nationalism/separatism, poverty and economic disadvantage, globalization, (non)democracy, Western society, disaffected intelligentsia, dehumanization, and religion all have arguments confirming a possible existing link, as well reservations against a causal relation. Some of major factors are given under
1. Extreme Poverty
2. Unequal Distribution of Resources
3. Economic Exploitation
4. Over-Population
5. Illiteracy
6. Unemployment
7. Extremism & Sectarianism
8. Imbalance Opportunity Structure
9. Weak Social Bonds
10. Political Instability
11. Deprivation of Fundamental Rights
12. Institutional Evasions
13. Anathema of Social Injustice
14. Vicegral Political Dispensation
15. Social Imbalance & Regional Disparities
16. Proliferation of Weapon of Mass Destruction
17. Impact of Proxy War of Afghanistan (1979-1989)
18. Policies Against Islamic Revolution of Iran (1979)
19. Political Insurgency
IMPACT OF TERRORISM
Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fell victim to regular terrorist attacks, but the whole world is becoming more familiar with Arab and Muslim names. The terrorist violence that is on the rise today has informed citizen all over the world about different types of terrorism. Also with the resurgence the world is experiencing of terrorism, the Nation's have been to do what they can to eliminate terrorism.
Terrorists attempt not only to create panic but also to weaken confidence in the government and the political leadership of the target country. Terrorism therefore is designed to have psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims of an attack. Terrorists mean to frighten and therefore scare a wider crowd, such as a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country and its political control, or the entire international community. Terrorist groups are generally small and have few members, limited firepower, and other resources. For this reason they rely on intense bloody and destructive acts of hit-and-run violence to attract attention to their group and their cause. Through the media they are able to create a larger voice for themselves and create hostilities among people.
The very flexibility and adaptability of terror throughout the years has contributed to the confusion. Those seeking to disrupt, reorder or destroy the status quo have continuously sought new and creative ways to achieve their goals. Changes in the tactics and techniques of terrorists have been significant, but even more significant are the growth in the number of causes and social contexts where terrorism is used.
Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a group of people or a nation. Typically, nationalists share a common ethnic background and wish to establish or regain a homeland.
Religious extremists often reject the authority of secular governments and view legal systems that are not based on their religious beliefs as illegitimate. They often view modernization efforts as corrupting influences on traditional culture.
Special interest groups include people on the radical fringe of many legitimate causes; e.g., people who use terrorism to uphold antiabortion views, animal rights, radical environmentalism. These groups believe that violence is morally justifiable to achieve their goals. Some of major impacts are given under
1. Social Ferment & Confusion
2. Mass Killing & Destitute
3. Economic Setbacks
4. National Image & Identity
5. Atmosphere of Uncertainty & Anxiety
6. Deterioration of Law & Order
7. Trust Deficit
8. Social Intolerance
9. Curse of Human Rights Violations
10. Endangering Integrity of the Country
11. Racial Discrimination
12. General Sense of Vandalism
13. Social Isolation
14. Suicide Bombing: A MASS Hysteria
15. Radicalization of Certain Segments of Society
MEASURES OF TERRORISM
Terrorism has been a subject of concern worldwide. People feel helpless when they start pondering on how to control it. There always seems a need for more arms and weapons to fight it, a need for more budgets and complex plans, armies and trained people to combat it.
It is true that you create your own reality. You bring into your experience what you think about the most. So it is logical that we must think about what we want instead of what we don't. Controlling terrorism then becomes very simple- Firstly- ask 'how to create peace?' instead of 'how to control terrorism?'. When you ask "how to create peace?" you put your focus on peace and that becomes your field of attention rather than 'terror or terrorism'.
1. Uniform Opportunity Mechanism
2. Employment
3. Role of Mass Media
4. Literacy
5. Alleviation of Poverty
6. Role of International & Regional Organizations
7. Policy of Dialogue & Political Engagement
8. Restoration of Writ of State
9. Combating Religious Militancy
10. National Consensus
11. Effective National Security Strategy
12. Global Cooperation
13. Atmosphere of Strategic Reconciliation
14. Choking Supplies of Financial Oxygen
15. development Based on Equality & Justice
16. Differentiating Myth from Reality
Terrorism refers only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians.
Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter.
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM
1. Deliberate Planning
2. Create Fear & Terror
3. Hit the Target
4. Infuse Uncertainty & Anxiety
5. Achievement of Interest & Objective
6. No Limited Boundaries
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia. Despite having a history longer than the modern nation-state, the use of terror by governments and those that contest their power remains poorly understood. While the meaning of the word terror itself is clear, when it is applied to acts and actors in the real world it becomes confused. Part of this is due to the use of terror tactics by actors at all levels in the social and political environment.
GOALS AND MOTIVATIONS OF TERRORISM
Ideology and motivation will influence the objectives of terrorist operations, especially regarding the casualty rate. Groups with secular ideologies and non-religious goals will often attempt highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve a specific political aim. This often requires them to keep casualties at the minimum amount necessary to attain the objective. This is both to avoid a backlash that might severely damage the organization, and also maintain the appearance of a rational group that has legitimate grievances. By limiting their attacks they reduce the risk of undermining external political and economic support. Groups that comprise a "wing" of an insurgency, or are affiliated with aboveground, sometimes legitimate, political organizations often operate under these constraints. The tensions caused by balancing these considerations are often a prime factor in the development of splinter groups and internal factions within these organizations. In contrast, religiously oriented and millenarian groups typically attempt to inflict as many casualties as possible. Because of the apocalyptic frame of reference they use, loss of life is irrelevant, and more casualties are better. Losses among their co-religionists are of little account, because such casualties will reap the benefits of the afterlife. The intents of terrorism are,
• Produce widespread fear
• Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the media
• Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and appears repressive
• Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of their group
• Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide for and protect its citizens
• Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the target country’s economy and support of the government in power
• Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions
• Free prisoners
• Satisfy vengeance
• Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local populace in rural areas
TYPES OF TERRORISM
Researchers have classified terrorism into six categories.
• Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
• Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
• Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
• Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
• Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
• Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
FACTORS OF TERRORISM
Terrorism is the threat or use of violence against civilians to draw attention to an issue. Why do some people commit terrorist acts? Personal psychology? Religious fervor? Ideological commitment? Among the multitude of causes that may lead a person to resort to terrorism, there is none that conclusively links a sole cause to the act. Ethnicity, nationalism/separatism, poverty and economic disadvantage, globalization, (non)democracy, Western society, disaffected intelligentsia, dehumanization, and religion all have arguments confirming a possible existing link, as well reservations against a causal relation. Some of major factors are given under
1. Extreme Poverty
2. Unequal Distribution of Resources
3. Economic Exploitation
4. Over-Population
5. Illiteracy
6. Unemployment
7. Extremism & Sectarianism
8. Imbalance Opportunity Structure
9. Weak Social Bonds
10. Political Instability
11. Deprivation of Fundamental Rights
12. Institutional Evasions
13. Anathema of Social Injustice
14. Vicegral Political Dispensation
15. Social Imbalance & Regional Disparities
16. Proliferation of Weapon of Mass Destruction
17. Impact of Proxy War of Afghanistan (1979-1989)
18. Policies Against Islamic Revolution of Iran (1979)
19. Political Insurgency
IMPACT OF TERRORISM
Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fell victim to regular terrorist attacks, but the whole world is becoming more familiar with Arab and Muslim names. The terrorist violence that is on the rise today has informed citizen all over the world about different types of terrorism. Also with the resurgence the world is experiencing of terrorism, the Nation's have been to do what they can to eliminate terrorism.
Terrorists attempt not only to create panic but also to weaken confidence in the government and the political leadership of the target country. Terrorism therefore is designed to have psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims of an attack. Terrorists mean to frighten and therefore scare a wider crowd, such as a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country and its political control, or the entire international community. Terrorist groups are generally small and have few members, limited firepower, and other resources. For this reason they rely on intense bloody and destructive acts of hit-and-run violence to attract attention to their group and their cause. Through the media they are able to create a larger voice for themselves and create hostilities among people.
The very flexibility and adaptability of terror throughout the years has contributed to the confusion. Those seeking to disrupt, reorder or destroy the status quo have continuously sought new and creative ways to achieve their goals. Changes in the tactics and techniques of terrorists have been significant, but even more significant are the growth in the number of causes and social contexts where terrorism is used.
Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a group of people or a nation. Typically, nationalists share a common ethnic background and wish to establish or regain a homeland.
Religious extremists often reject the authority of secular governments and view legal systems that are not based on their religious beliefs as illegitimate. They often view modernization efforts as corrupting influences on traditional culture.
Special interest groups include people on the radical fringe of many legitimate causes; e.g., people who use terrorism to uphold antiabortion views, animal rights, radical environmentalism. These groups believe that violence is morally justifiable to achieve their goals. Some of major impacts are given under
1. Social Ferment & Confusion
2. Mass Killing & Destitute
3. Economic Setbacks
4. National Image & Identity
5. Atmosphere of Uncertainty & Anxiety
6. Deterioration of Law & Order
7. Trust Deficit
8. Social Intolerance
9. Curse of Human Rights Violations
10. Endangering Integrity of the Country
11. Racial Discrimination
12. General Sense of Vandalism
13. Social Isolation
14. Suicide Bombing: A MASS Hysteria
15. Radicalization of Certain Segments of Society
MEASURES OF TERRORISM
Terrorism has been a subject of concern worldwide. People feel helpless when they start pondering on how to control it. There always seems a need for more arms and weapons to fight it, a need for more budgets and complex plans, armies and trained people to combat it.
It is true that you create your own reality. You bring into your experience what you think about the most. So it is logical that we must think about what we want instead of what we don't. Controlling terrorism then becomes very simple- Firstly- ask 'how to create peace?' instead of 'how to control terrorism?'. When you ask "how to create peace?" you put your focus on peace and that becomes your field of attention rather than 'terror or terrorism'.
1. Uniform Opportunity Mechanism
2. Employment
3. Role of Mass Media
4. Literacy
5. Alleviation of Poverty
6. Role of International & Regional Organizations
7. Policy of Dialogue & Political Engagement
8. Restoration of Writ of State
9. Combating Religious Militancy
10. National Consensus
11. Effective National Security Strategy
12. Global Cooperation
13. Atmosphere of Strategic Reconciliation
14. Choking Supplies of Financial Oxygen
15. development Based on Equality & Justice
16. Differentiating Myth from Reality
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