GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
TARGETS
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
• Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
FACTS
• The World Bank’s latest estimates show that 1.4 billion people in developing countries were living in extreme poverty in 2005.
• Recent increases in the price of food have had a direct and adverse effect on the poor and are expected to push many more people – an estimated 100 million – into absolute poverty.
• The proportion of children under five who are undernourished declined from 33 per cent in 1990 to 26 per cent in 2006. However, by 2006, the number of children in developing countries who were underweight still exceeded 140 million.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Implement the concrete steps to mitigate hunger identified by the High-Level Conference on World Food Security (held in Rome in June 2008), including through promoting national, regional and international cooperation to enhance food security and reduce trade distortions.
• Ensure that there are social safety nets to minimize the consequences on the poor of the global economic slowdown and higher food and energy prices.
• Urgently increase emergency food aid to enable WFP and other food-aid programmes to provide emergency food assistance.
• Promote school feeding programmes.
• Assist developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to transform subsistence agriculture in order to ensure long-term, sus - tainable productivity increases and a more diversified economic base.
• Support research and development in yield-enhancing agricultural and climate change technologies.
• Promote equitable access to economic resources and decent work opportunities, especially for particularly disadvantaged groups such as women and young people.
• Form partnerships with civil society, NGOs, the private sector and foundations to develop participatory, pro-poor, urban and rural development strategies.
• Develop, for both urban and rural areas, the infrastructure and »» services that will enhance the productive capacity of enterprises and facilitate integration into the global economy.
• Adopt urban development policies that will upgrade slums and »» improve the availability of basic services.
• Facilitate the integration of the least developed countries into the »» multilateral trading system by increasing their access to funds under Aid for Trade.
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
TARGETS
• Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
FACTS
• Globally, 570 million children are enrolled in school. The number of children of primary school age who were out of school fell from 103 million in 1999 to 73 million in 2006. In that year, primary school enrolment in developing countries reached 88 per cent on average, up from 83 per cent in 2000.
• In sub-Saharan Africa, the net primary school enrolment ratio has only recently reached 71 per cent, even after a significant jump in enrolment that began in 2000. Around 38 million children of primary school age in this region are still out of school.
• In Southern Asia, the enrolment ratio has climbed above 90 per cent, yet more than 18 million children of primary school age are not enrolled.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Ensure sustainable education systems, delivering quality services and retaining professional staff.
• Ensure universal coverage in primary education, including for poor and underserved populations in rural areas and urban slums.
• Raise domestic spending on education to 15 to 20 per cent of national budgets, while giving priority to basic education.
• Provide $11 billion in aid needed annually to achieve universal primary education by 2015.
• Integrate education as a key part of humanitarian responses to post-conflict and emergency situations.
• Eliminate school fees, particularly for low-income families.
• Provide cash transfers to poor families conditional on their children’s, especially girls’, enrolment or attendance in school.
• Provide children with transportation to and from school when needed.
• Offer free meals and basic health services at school to improve children’s health, nutrition and cognitive development.
• Expand pre-primary school educational programmes.
• Train more teachers and effectively retrain and motivate those in the profession.
• Ensure adequate teaching materials and distribute textbooks free of charge.
• Improve aid effectiveness for education by strengthening the capacity of national education systems to improve access to quality education for all.
GOAL 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Targets
• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Facts
• Of the 113 countries that failed to achieve gender parity in primary and secondary school enrolment by the target date of 2005, only 18 are likely to achieve the goal by 2015.
• Girls account for 55 per cent of the out-of-school population.
• Since 2000, the proportion of seats for women in parliaments only increased from 13.5 to 17.9 per cent. Women occupy at least 30 per cent of parliamentary seats in 20 countries, although none of these countries are in Asia.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Scale up actions, increase financial resources and support governments to accelerate the achievement of the MDG targets that equally benefit and empower women and girls, and ensure their access to education and health services, full and decent employment, and equal political participation and decision-making in all sectors.
• Support women entrepreneurship, especially in rural areas, including through improved access to property and economic assets, microfinance, agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, training and markets.
• Guarantee women’s land and property rights through legal reforms.
• Raise public awareness to reduce girls’ domestic responsibilities and prevent early marriage and pregnancy.
• Adopt comprehensive laws on all forms of violence against women and support awareness raising campaigns to prevent violence against women and girls.
• Increase funding to provide adequate services and access to justice and redress to victims of violence against women. Ensure a supportive environment to encourage the enrolment of girls in school and reduce absenteeism and drop-out rates.
• Hire more female teachers to act as role models and to promote girls’ school attendance.
• Promote gender-sensitive curricula and provide gender sensitization programmes for teachers and school officials.
• Ensure that girls are provided with transportation to and from school.
• Provide separate school sanitation facilities for girls and boys.
• Enhance non-formal education for girls and women, such as vocational or skills training and literacy programmes.
• Ratify and implement the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and ILO Conventions on Equal Remuneration, Discrimination, Workers with Family Responsibilities, and Maternity Protection.
• Step-up efforts to implement decent work principles, such as social protection and freedom from harassment.
• Enhance the participation of women at all levels of government and their role in other decision-making positions in the judiciary, the private sector, civil society and the media.
GOAL 4: Reduce Child Mortality
TARGETS
• Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
FACTS
• Worldwide, deaths of children under five years of age declined from 93 to 72 deaths per 1,000 live births between 1990 and 2006.
• A child born in a developing country is over 13 times more likely to die within the first five years of life than a child born in an industrialized country. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about half the deaths of children under five in the developing world.
• Between 1990 and 2006, about 27 countries – the large majority in sub-Saharan Africa – made no progress in reducing childhood deaths.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Ensure full coverage of immunization programmes.
• Scale up vitamin A supplementation.
• Pursue exclusive breastfeeding for children under 6 months of age and breastfeeding plus appropriate complementary feeding for children aged 6 months to two years.
• Provide adequate nourishment for children of poor families, despite food price rises.
• Promote hand-washing and treatment of home drinking water.
• Target the underlying socioeconomic causes of child mortality such as mothers’ access to reproductive health, education and employment.
• Prevent and provide effective treatment of pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and other infectious diseases.
• Promote comprehensive and universal coverage of primary health-care systems — with the engagement of community health workers —accompanied by sustained delivery of health services and women’s education programmes.
• Inject additional aid flows, on the order of $10.2 billion per year, to ensure sufficient financing for the strengthening of health systems to meet the demand for maternal and childcare and other reproductive health services.
GOAL 5: Improve Maternal Health
TARGETS
• Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
• Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
FACTS
• Estimates for 2005 show that, every minute, a woman dies of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. This adds up to more than 500,000 women annually and 10 million over a generation. Almost all of these women – 99 per cent – live and die in developing countries.
• Maternal mortality shows the greatest disparity among countries: in sub-Saharan Africa, a woman’s risk of dying from treatable or preventable complications of pregnancy and childbirth over the course of her lifetime is 1 in 22, compared to 1 in 7,300 in developed regions. The risk of a woman dying from pregnancy-related causes during her lifetime is about 1 in 7 in Niger compared to 1 in 17,400 in Sweden.
• Every year, more than 1 million children are left motherless and vulnerable because of maternal death. Children who have lost their mothers are up to 10 times more likely to die prematurely than those who have not.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Provide sufficient financing to strengthen health systems, particularly for maternal, childcare and other reproductive health services, and ensure that procurement and distribution of contraception, drugs and equipment are functioning.
• Establish dedicated national programmes to reduce maternal mortality and ensure universal access to reproductive health care, including family planning services.
• Provide trained health workers during and after pregnancy and childbirth for delivery of quality antenatal care, timely emergency obstetric services and contraception.
• Ensure access to timely emergency obstetric services and provide adequate communication, skilled personnel, facilities and transportation systems, especially in areas where poverty, conflict, great distances and overloaded health systems obstruct such efforts.
• Adopt and implement policies that protect poor families from the catastrophic consequences of unaffordable maternity care, including through access to health insurance or free services.
• Protect pregnant women from domestic violence; and involve men in maternal health and wider reproductive health.
• Increase access to contraception and sexual and reproductive health counseling for both men, women and adolescents.
• Increase efforts to prevent child marriage and ensure that young women postpone their first pregnancy.
GOAL 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
TARGETS
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
• Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
• Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
FACTS
• Every day, nearly 7,500 people are infected with HIV and 5,500 die from AIDS. Globally, an estimated 33 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2007.
• The number of people living with HIV rose from an estimated 29.5 million in 2001 to 33 million in 2007. The vast majority of those living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, where about 60 per cent of adults living with HIV in 2007 were women.
• Malaria kills over 1 million people annually, 80 per cent of whom are children under five in sub-Saharan Africa. There continue to be between 350 million and 500 million cases of malaria worldwide each year.
• An estimated 250 million anti-malaria insecticide-treated bed nets are required to reach 80 per cent coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. To date, the funds committed will provide only 100 million nets – less than one half of the requirement.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Implement a long-term multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral and gender-sensitive approach, based on national AIDS plans.
• Create closer linkages between HIV/AIDS interventions and sexual and reproductive health care to reduce unsafe sexual risk-taking behaviours, and reduce sexually transmitted infections, including HIV.
• Increase access to both male and female condoms, which are th only currently available and effective ways to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among sexually active people.
• Make sure all young people, who are at the centre of the epidemic, have the knowledge and means to prevent infection.
• Ensure predictable and sustained funding to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
• Scale up programmes for HIV prevention and ensure universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for women and men.
• Develop sustainable national health systems, delivering quality services and retaining professional staff.
• Develop primary healthcare systems to ensure universal coverage for essential health services, including for poor and underserved populations in rural areas and urban slums.
• Promote mechanisms to substantially increase funding for research and development of essential drugs to treat tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
• Fill critical funding gaps for the WHO strategy to combat tuberculosis (DOTS) programmes, and new research and development activities, including work on a vaccine.
• Ensure adequate financing for key interventions under the Roll Back Malaria Partnership to end malaria deaths in Africa by 2010.
• Take decisive action to control and treat neglected tropical diseases
• Commit additional funding for the global partnership for affordable essential drugs.
GOAL 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
TARGETS
• Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
• Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
• By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
FACTS
• Some 1.6 billion people have gained access to safe drinking water since 1990. At this rate, the world is expected to meet the MDG target on drinking water. But about 1 billion people still do not have access to safe drinking water, and 2.5 billion lack access to basic sanitation services.
• Currently, only 22 per cent of the world’s fisheries are sustainable, compared to 40 per cent in 1975. Despite their importance to the sustainability of fish stocks and coastal livelihoods, only 0.7 per cent of the world’s oceans – about 2 million square kilometres – were put under protection.
• Some 2.4 billion people live without access to modern cooking and heating services, and 1.6 billion have no access to electricity.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Ensure effective conservation and management to reverse the loss of natural resources and significantly reduce biodiversity loss.
• Scale-up programmes and initiatives to deliver pro-poor environmental outcomes.
• Provide investments to bring electricity and cleaner cooking fuels to the large segments of the world population that are still deprived of such essential services.
• Develop participatory, pro-poor natural resource and ecosystem management systems.
• Introduce innovative financial mechanisms to significantly raise financing for the environment.
• Introduce measures/mechanisms to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Conclude negotiations to ensure an effective and equitable outcome »» under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by late 2009.
• Enhance climate adaptation programmes and reduce the negative impact of climate change, particularly in small island developing states and least developed countries.
• Promote climate-friendly and climate-change adaptation technologies.
• Promote selective bio-fuel development based on global comparisons of energy ratios and impacts on land, water, deforestation and food prices of different options.
• Increase spending on water and sanitation from about 0.5 per cent to at least 1.0 per cent of GDP to ensure greatly increased access.
• Adopt a holistic, participatory ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
• Scale-up slum upgrading and invest in decent, affordable housing for the poor, including women.
• Create strong incentives and financial support for participatory, sustainable forest management and conservation practices.
GOAL 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
TARGETS
• Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
• Address the special needs of the least developed countries
• Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly)
• Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
FACTS
• Official development assistance (ODA) continued to drop from an all-time high of $107.1 billion in 2005, to $103.7 billion in 2007. Aid flows need to increase by $18 billion per year to meet the promise made by the G8 in 2005 of doubling aid by 2010 – an additional $50 billion annually in global aid, of which $25 billion would be for Africa.
• For the average developing country, the burden of servicing external debt fell from almost 13 per cent of export earnings in 2000 to 7 per cent in 2006, creating a more favourable environment for investment and allowing them to allocate more resources to reducing poverty.
• In developed countries, 58 per cent of people used the Internet in 2006, compared to 11 per cent in developing countries and 1 per cent in the least developed countries.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Bring commitments on ODA back on track, especially the 2002 Monterrey Consensus reaffirmation of 0.7 percent of GNI; the ODA commitments of 0.15–0.20 percent of GNI to LDCs included in the Action Plan for LDCs; and the 2005 G8 Gleneagles summit commit- ment to double aid to Africa from $25 billion in 2004 to $50 billion, at constant price dollars, by 2010.
• Accelerate implementation of the Paris Declaration to increase the quality, effectiveness, predictability and coherence of ODA.
• Develop steps and actions to complete the Doha Round of trade negotiations to reduce existing trade distortions in favour of more equitable mechanisms.
• Extend the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Country (eHIPC) debt relief initiative, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) and other debt relief mechanisms to other developing countries with severe debt distress problems.
• Promote regional and global cooperation to enhance food security.
• Assist developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, to ensure sustainable productivity increases and economic diversification.
• Form partnerships with civil society, NGOs, the private sector and foundations to develop, in a participatory manner, pro-poor urban and rural development strategies.
• Ensure low-cost access to essential drugs and life-saving interventions.
• Increase funding for research and development of essential drugs to treat tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
• Ensure equitable access to health and education services – including additional aid flows in the order of $10.2 billion per year.
• Introduce measures to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Improve affordable access to new technologies that enhance development, especially information and communication technologies and those for agriculture and climate change mitigation and adaptation.
• Initiate innovative financing mechanisms and partnerships to facilitate technology transfer, research and development in developing economies to achieve the MDGs.
• Encourage non-government partners, including the private sector and philanthropic organizations, to sustain funding for MDG projects and programmes.
• Work with partners to develop infrastructure and services and promote their integration into the global economy in order to enhance the capacity of enterprises.
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