SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists, primarily within sociology, but also within other disciplines such as cultural/social anthropology, social policy, human geography, political science, and social psychology. Sociologists and other social scientists study diverse objects: from census data derived from hundreds of thousands of human beings, to the in-depth analysis of one individual social life; from monitoring what is happening on a street today, to the historical analysis of what was happening hundreds of years ago.
ETHICS/CODE OF CONDUCT OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories.
Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyze numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasize personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data. List of ethics are,
1. Universalism
2. Informed Consent
3. Communalism
4. Disinterestedness
5. Credibility
6. Scientific Standards
7. Reliability
8. Professional Competence
9. Non-Discrimination
10. Social Harassment
11. Confidentiality, Anonymity & Privacy
12. Research Planning & implementation
13. Avoiding Plagiarism
14. Avoiding Ambiguity & Vagueness
STEPS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Chose the Topic
2. Focus Research Question
3. Development of hypothesis
4. Design Study
5. Collect Data
6. Analyze Data
7. Interpret Data
8. Inform Others
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Social scientists usually follow one or more of the several specific sociological perspectives
• Conflict Paradigm focuses on the ability of some groups to dominate others, or resistance to such domination.
• Critical Communicative Methodology focuses on interactions to construct social reality.
• Ethnomethodology Paradigm examines how people make sense out of social life in the process of living it, as if each was a researcher engaged in enquiry.
• Feminist Paradigm focuses on how male dominance of society has shaped social life.
• Darwinist paradigm sees a progressive evolution in social life.
• Social network analysis
• Positivist Paradigm was an early 19th century approach, now considered obsolete in its pure form. Positivists believed we can scientifically discover all the rules governing social life.
• Structural Functionalist Paradigm also known as a social systems Paradigm addresses what functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system.
• Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm examines how shared meanings and social patterns are developed in the course of social interactions
APPROACHES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Positive Social Science
2. Interceptive Social Science
3. Critical Social Science
DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSE FOR STUDY
1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
3. Explanatory
ON THE BASIS OF USE OF STUDY
1. Basic
2. Applied
i. Action ii. Impact iii. Evaluation
ON THE BASIS OF TIME IN STUDY
1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
i. Panel ii. Time series iii. Content analysis
3. Case study
ON THE BASIS OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
1. Quantities Data
i. Survey ii. Content Analysis
iii. Experiment iv. Existing Statistics
2. Qualitative Data
i. Field Research ii. Comparative Historical
SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS
Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyze numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasize personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data. Some of major research methods are given as under,
1. Survey
2. Content Analysis
3. Experiment
4. Existing Statistics
5. Field Research
6. Comparative Historical
Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists, primarily within sociology, but also within other disciplines such as cultural/social anthropology, social policy, human geography, political science, and social psychology. Sociologists and other social scientists study diverse objects: from census data derived from hundreds of thousands of human beings, to the in-depth analysis of one individual social life; from monitoring what is happening on a street today, to the historical analysis of what was happening hundreds of years ago.
ETHICS/CODE OF CONDUCT OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories.
Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyze numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasize personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data. List of ethics are,1. Universalism
2. Informed Consent
3. Communalism
4. Disinterestedness
5. Credibility
6. Scientific Standards
7. Reliability
8. Professional Competence
9. Non-Discrimination
10. Social Harassment
11. Confidentiality, Anonymity & Privacy
12. Research Planning & implementation
13. Avoiding Plagiarism
14. Avoiding Ambiguity & Vagueness
STEPS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Chose the Topic
2. Focus Research Question
3. Development of hypothesis
4. Design Study
5. Collect Data
6. Analyze Data
7. Interpret Data
8. Inform Others
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Social scientists usually follow one or more of the several specific sociological perspectives
• Conflict Paradigm focuses on the ability of some groups to dominate others, or resistance to such domination.
• Critical Communicative Methodology focuses on interactions to construct social reality.
• Ethnomethodology Paradigm examines how people make sense out of social life in the process of living it, as if each was a researcher engaged in enquiry.
• Feminist Paradigm focuses on how male dominance of society has shaped social life.
• Darwinist paradigm sees a progressive evolution in social life.
• Social network analysis
• Positivist Paradigm was an early 19th century approach, now considered obsolete in its pure form. Positivists believed we can scientifically discover all the rules governing social life.
• Structural Functionalist Paradigm also known as a social systems Paradigm addresses what functions various elements of the social system perform in regard to the entire system.
• Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm examines how shared meanings and social patterns are developed in the course of social interactions
APPROACHES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
1. Positive Social Science
2. Interceptive Social Science
3. Critical Social Science
DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSE FOR STUDY
1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
3. Explanatory
ON THE BASIS OF USE OF STUDY
1. Basic
2. Applied
i. Action ii. Impact iii. Evaluation
ON THE BASIS OF TIME IN STUDY
1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
i. Panel ii. Time series iii. Content analysis
3. Case study
ON THE BASIS OF DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
1. Quantities Data
i. Survey ii. Content Analysis
iii. Experiment iv. Existing Statistics
2. Qualitative Data
i. Field Research ii. Comparative Historical
SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS
Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyze numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasize personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data. Some of major research methods are given as under,
1. Survey
2. Content Analysis
3. Experiment
4. Existing Statistics
5. Field Research
6. Comparative Historical
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